What do Bruce Link and Jo Phelan mean when they argue that individually based risk factors must be contextualized?

Learning Goal: I’m working on a sociology test / quiz prep and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.For up to 5 points each (a maximum of 10 points total), answer any two out of questions 1 through 3.Complete and return, via the Blackboard “Turnitin Assignments (Exams)” tab, by 11:59 PM on Sunday, February 20.Late exams will be subject to a credit point deduction of ½ point per week except in the case of a documented emergency. To be sure that I receive your paper, you may also send a backup copy as an e-mail attachment (and forward a copy to yourself to be sure you can open it!).The more specific detail and examples you provide, the more credit you stand to earn. You will be graded on the overall thoughtfulness and thoroughness of your papers; see page 2 of this exam for the criteria I use in grading responses to essay questions. Do not restrict yourself to answers found in your textbook, PowerPoints, and class notes; your own thoughtful reflection, bringing in what you have learned from other sources as well, can be a big plus. In most cases, responses of adequate depth will require at least one double-spaced page per question. 1.What do Bruce Link and Jo Phelan mean when they argue that individually based risk factors must be contextualized? Give a specific and detailed case example (which may be either actual or hypothetical) of how someone’s location in society (gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, etc.) places him or her at greater risk of some particular disease outcome. What kind of intervention(s) would you recommend to reduce the risk—and why? Resource article: Link, Bruce G., and Jo Phelan. 1995. “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35(Extra Issue):80–94. doi:10.2307/2626958. Retrieved February 6, 2022 (https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.uhd.edu/stable/2626958?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents). 2. Suppose that you were in a position to allocate funding aimed at reducing health disparities in the city of Houston. Keeping in mind the potential contributions of improved healthcare access and social determinants of health, what would you prioritize as (1) the single most effective short-term intervention (addressing critical needs in the next two years or so), and (2) the single most effective long-term intervention (targeted toward producing equity in health outcomes over the next twenty to thirty years)?Explain your answer. Resources for reference: Houston Department of Health and Human Services. 2008. “The City of Houston Health Disparities Data Report: March 2008.” Houston, TX: City of Houston. Retrieved February 6, 2022 (http://www.houstontx.gov/health/disparity.pdf). “Houston State of Health: Informing Action with Health Data.” Retrieved February 6, 2022 (http://www.houstonstateofhealth.com/). “Mayor Sylvester Turner Transition Committee on Public Health.” Retrieved February 6, 2022 (https://houstontx.gov/mayor/transitionreports/public_health.pdf). 3.“Women get sicker, but men die quicker.” Consider, however, the important differences between sex and gender. Assume that over the next twenty years men increasingly adopt behavior patterns traditionally associated with women, and women increasingly adopt behavior patterns traditionally associated with men. What changes might you expect to see in the health of men and of women? Explain your answer. Resource article: Read, Jen’nan Ghazal, and Bridget K. Gorman. 2010. “Gender and Health Inequality.” Annual Review of Sociology 36:371–86. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102535. Retrieved February 6, 2022 (https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.uhd.edu/stable/pdf/25735083.pdf). Grading Criteria for Essay Questions What I look for in responses to essay questions (such as in this exam) is considerably more than just a summary of what was presented in class or in the textbook. A response that does THIS reasonably well will start out earning 3 credit points—to be either REDUCED (for misinformation or confusion) or AUGMENTED (for evidence that you are actively engaging with the class material and MAKING IT YOUR OWN). The very best responses (worthy of a full 5 points credit per question) will accomplish the following: Address ALL ASPECTS or parts of the question (or set of questions);
Bring up (and either support or refute) as many pertinent viewpoints (e.g., perspectives on controversial issues) as possible, so as to demonstrate broad comprehension of the material; and
Perhaps most importantly, provide SPECIFIC and DETAILED true (or at least true-to-life hypothetical) stories to illustrate and “flesh out” your points—showing how the concepts you have been studying apply to people’s real day-to-day life experiences.
Requirements: 2